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Pen Name: Iqbal
Real Name: Muhammad Iqbal
Born: 09 Nov 1877 I Sialkot Punjab Pakistan
Died: 21 Apr 1938 I Lahore Punjab Pakistan
A South Asian Muslim writer, philosopher, and politician, Sir Muhammad Iqbal is credited with inspiring the creation of Pakistan with his vision of a political and cultural ideal for the Muslims living in British-ruled India. His poetry in the Urdu language is regarded as some of the best of the 20th century.
His literary works in both Urdu and Persian make him one of the most significant characters in Urdu literature. he was also called as Muslim philosophical thinker of modern times. Iqbal is known as Shair-e-Mushriq meaning Poet of the East. He is also called Muffakir-e-Pakistan (The Inceptor of Pakistan) and Hakeem-ul-Ummat (The Sage of the Ummah). In Iran and Afghanistan he is famous as Iqbāl-e Lāhorī or Iqbal of Lahore, and he is most appreciated for his Persian work. Pakistan Government had recognised him as its “national poet.
EDUCATION
Allama Muhammad Iqbal, a renowned poet and philosopher, had an extensive educational journey:
- Early Education: Iqbal received his early education in a traditional maktab in Sialkot by Arabic-Persian scholars Sayed Mir Hasan and Jaid Alam. At the age of 4, he was taught about religion and was sent to the mosque to study Qur’an
- Scotch Mission College, Sialkot: He learned Arabic languages at Scotch Mission College in Sialkot
- Murray College, Sialkot: He pursued his Intermediate from his Faculty of Arts, at Murray College.
- Government College, Lahore: In 1895, Iqbal joined Government College Lahore to complete his bachelor’s degree. He also completed his M.A. in philosophy at the same college.
5. University of Cambridge, England: He completed a second B.A. at Trinity College, Cambridge (1906) and was subsequently called to the bar at Lincoln’s Inn.
6. University of Munich, Germany: He went to Germany for Ph.D in 1907 and earned PhD degree in Philosophy from the Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich in 1908. Working under the guidance of Friedrich Hommel, Iqbal published his doctoral thesis in 1908 entitled: The Development of Metaphysics in Persia.
After completing his Master of Arts degree in 1899, initiated his career as a reader of Arabic at Oriental College and shortly was selected as a junior professor of philosophy at Government College Lahore, where he had also been a student. Iqbal worked there until he left for England in 1905.
After his education, he returned to Lahore and established a law practice but concentrated on writing scholarly works on politics, economics, history, philosophy, and religion
Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal Role in Politics:
Allama Muhammad Iqbal was a prominent politician in the Indian subcontinent. He was elected to the Punjab Legislative Council in 1927 and held a number of positions in the All India Muslim League. His political thoughts were based on insights from Indian history. Through his poetry and prose, he influenced the educated Muslims, as well as leaders like Mr. Jinnah.
Iqbal had a great role in Muslim political movement. Iqbal had remained active in the Muslim League. He did not support Indian involvement in World War I, as well as the Khilafat movement and remained in close touch with Muslim political leaders such as Maulana Mohammad Ali and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He was a critic of the mainstream Indian National Congress, which he regarded as dominated by Hindus and was disappointed with the League when during the 1920s, it was absorbed in factional divides between the pro-British group led by Sir Muhammad Shafi and the centrist group led by Jinnah.
Iqbal firmly believed that Jinnah was the only leader capable of drawing Indian Muslims to the League and maintaining party unity before the British and the Congress
Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal role in Pakistan Independence
Iqbal’s role in the independence of Pakistan was significant. In 1930, he delivered a Presidential Address to the 25th Session of the All India Muslim League in Allahabad where he expressed his thoughts on Islam and nationalism, unity of the Indian nation and one on the problem of defence. He suggested that there could be no peace in the country unless Muslims got their own, separate nation in the north-western part of undivided India. This was to become the basis for the two-nation theory that eventually led to the creation of Pakistan after Independence. He believed that Islam is the major formative factor in the lives of Muslims in India and this led to the creation of Pakistan in the name of religion.
In this address Iqbal outlined a vision of independent states for the great Muslim-majority provinces in northwestern India, thus becoming the first politician to articulate what would become known as the Two-nation theory—that Muslims are a distinct nation and thus deserve political independence from other regions and communities of India.
He also stated that I would like to see the Punjab, the North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Balochistan amalgamated into a single State. Self-government within the British Empire, or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-Western Indian Muslim State appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims at least of north-west India.
Iqbal's Books:
Urdu Collection
Book Published
Bang-i-Dara 1924
Bal-e-Jibril 1935
Zarb-i-Kalim 1936
Armaghan-e-Hijaz 1938
Persian
Rumuz-i-Bekhudi (1918)
Payam-i-Mashriq (1923)
Zabur-i-Ajam (1927)
Javid Nama (1932)
Pas Cheh Bayed Kard ai Aqwam-e-Sharq (1936)
Armughan-e-Hijaz (1938) (in Persian and Urdu)
Patriotic poetry
Himalaya
Naya Shivala
Tarana-e-Milli
Tarana-e-Hind
